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Fossils, concretions, and other false friends

Echinoids, pyrite suns, and stones that look made but aren't.

Some natural objects imitate artifacts relentlessly. Fossil echinoids (sea urchins) look like carved domes with five-rayed stars; crinoid stems resemble beads (and were actually strung as beads in the past); belemnites pass for bullets or points; flint nodules grow into faces, tools, and animals.

Concretions — rounded mineral masses in clays — mimic cannonballs and eggs; pyrite discs radiate like tiny suns; septarian nodules crack into 'turtle shells'. None are made, though several were collected and valued by past people, which can make a natural object a genuine find in context (a fossil in a grave is an artifact of behaviour).

The test is material and structure: fossils show organic architecture through and through; concretions have concentric internal structure; tools show flake scars. When something is natural, say so cheerfully — and if it came from an archaeological context, record it anyway, because ancient people liked curiosities too.

From the guide library inside Collectors Catalogues, a free app for cataloguing antiques and finds with honest, museum-grade records.

More on stone

Identifying worked stone — Flint, marble, and hardstone.

Identifying struck flint — The signatures of knapping.

Identifying obsidian — Volcanic glass tools.

Identifying hand axes — The Palaeolithic multi-tool — pear-shaped, worked on both faces.

Identifying scrapers and blades — The everyday flint toolkit — and how retouch separates tool from waste.

Identifying microliths — Tiny geometric flints that armed Mesolithic arrows.

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